Designer Babies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Originator Babies - Research Paper Example benefits at network level, for example, having a solid character age that can be of constructive use to network; yet there are some moral issues, which a few people level as un-regular and tinkering with the procedure of nature. Be that as it may, this is as yet begging to be proven wrong, as upsides and downsides or the outcomes yielded by this innovation can be assessed to proclaim it a reasonable measure to embrace for having a superior age (Bliss, 2012, p.5). Creator babies’ innovation, to certain individuals is an opportunity for better, more advantageous and savvy age yet there are rare sorts of people who consider it as â€Å"playing God† and attempting to program a person. The two concerns are right in their points of view as this innovation can be utilized to improve lives and simultaneously it tends to be utilized to hurt individuals too. One of the beneficial outcomes that can be accomplished through this innovation is that it can control the hereditary maladies by making the fixes in a youngster path before his introduction to the world. There are various illnesses on the planet, which are still in-treatable, for example, bubble kid, cystic fibrosis and a few more. The innovation guarantees that infections or the reasons for these sicknesses are not transmitted to cutting edge hereditarily. Individuals would not dread of transmitting savage infections to their next ages through qualities. Child structuring gives us a dream into future where heredity sicknesses would be cleaned out. This innovation thus, can improve the wellbeing norms of society immensely then as today is known (Deane and Peters, 2003, p.38). With the progression in innovation and simple accessibility of infant creator innovation, the qualities adjustment won't stop at infection treatment. Guardians would request at a phase, that qualities of their kids be adjusted or chosen in a manner to pick their children’s skin shading, level of insight, inclination for making him a superior youngster in network. The component of â€Å"Human Factor† will exist no more as everybody will resemble too human having all the

Governmental Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Administrative Program - Research Paper Example Part B additionally called clinical Insurance helps spread doctors’ and other medicinal services suppliers, administrations, outpatient care and home human services. It likewise covers preventive administrations. Here a great many people pay a standard Medicare part B Premium. Medicare part C otherwise called Medicare advantage offers wellbeing plan alternatives run by Medicare â€approved private insurance agencies. Part D additionally called Medicare professionally prescribed medication inclusion helps spread the expense of physician endorsed drugs. It additionally helps in bringing down the expense of professionally prescribed medications and shield against greater expense (CMS, 2011). Money related Compliance Medicare spending is a huge part of the government financial plan and national wellbeing spending, in 2006 the Medicare advantage installments totaled $374 billion, in 2007 Medicare spending represented 12% of the administrative financial plan and that year spending on Medicare benefits was 20% of the nation’s absolute medicinal services sending (Kaiser, 2007). Medicare is financed significantly by finance charge incomes, general incomes and premiums paid by recipients. Section An is financed by a committed duty of 2.9% of profit paid by managers and their workers. Part B is financed through a general income and premiums paid by recipients. ... its part has guaranteed that they consent to all the laws set up to guarantee that the cash created from income streams is spent on the correct administrations (Piper, 2011). So as to forestall extortion, wastage and maltreatment in Medicare the branch of Human and Health administrations has established the workplace of the Inspector general and another division that works mutually with the HHS called the Fraud Prevention and requirement group (HEAT). The two offer consistence preparing projects, for example, courses, preparing materials and webcasts (Piper, 2011). To guarantee that there is consistence another program was started called the Senior Medicare Patrol program which targets teaching the more seasoned grown-ups on Medicare benefits how to forestall recognize and report medicinal services extortion. The program initiates chips in across the nation in the push to engage more seasoned grown-ups to shield themselves from misrepresentation. The projects activities are supported by the US organization on Aging (HHS and DOJ, 2011). This program along with the HEAT team has guaranteed that they decrease bogus billings that. This year alone it had the option to charge 91 litigants for partaking in Medicare extortion plots that included roughly $295 million in bogus billings. In spite of the fact that Medicare as an administration office has agreed to all the laws relating to monetary consistence and utilized the cash they have been distributed astutely, there exist protection offices who chip away at sake of the Agency that partake in misrepresentation plots so as to corrupt the name of the Agency. Bogus billings are a typical marvel and this has made Medicare to investigate methods of guaranteeing that they stop this sort of misrepresentation. In any case all divisions have agreed to the law (HHS and DOJ, 2011). Economy and proficiency Medicare is viewed as progressively practical and productive in

The Drilling Of The Oil - 922 Words

In the United States, more than 50 percent of oil used is imported from other countries, and is shipped over by large tanker ships (Energy Quest 2012). Petroleum is made into various products such as gasoline/ diesel fuel, home heating oil, fertilizers, and plastic products (Energy Quest 2012). 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation including, trucks, buses, cars, and planes (Energy Quest 2012). Drilling of the oil is a costly process and has severe effects to the environment. Drilling on land requires a lot of space, disturbing the natural animal habitats, while drilling at sea impacts surrounding marine life (ELI 2015). Petroleum is toxic and not biodegradable, so when oil spills at sea, oil slick spreads rapidly over the water killing vast numbers of marine plants and animals (ELI 2015). Refineries emit toxins into the air and water supply as petroleum is processed to a usable oil, as it is used, petroleum products are emitted into the air contributing to global warming (ELI 2015). Additionally, other by-products have been linked to respiratory illness as well as heart disease in humans (ELI 2015). Natural gas is said to be the ‘cleanest’ fossil fuel, burning cleaner once it is processed, and because of its chemistry, produces the most energy per carbon dioxide molecule (U.S. Department of Energy 2013). This natural gas supplies many homes with heat and it can also be used for cooking (ELI 2015). However, drilling for natural gas can be detrimental toShow MoreRelatedThe Drilling For Oil Drilling1490 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1A 15 April 2015 Offshore Oil Drilling This day and age, oil is what makes the world go around. Without it, people cannot travel, be able to use fuel oils for electricity and heating, there would not be asphalt roads, and also there would not be chemicals used to make plastics, or other synthetic materials that humans use every day. Oil is a useful resource but the ways that are used to obtain it are not very appealing. One way it is obtained is by offshore drilling. According to an article onRead MoreOil Drilling2003 Words   |  9 PagesOil Drilling Jasmine A. Richardson Freshman Seminar Friday 10:20-11:20 Throughout the years the government has spent millions of dollars on oil drilling. But what is the actual purpose of oil drilling? Is it necessary? Are we spending too much money on this one project or is it useful in the end? These questions have been debated so much over and over again. But the question is am I for or against oil drilling? Oil drilling takes up too much time and money for one simple purpose. It takesRead MoreDrilling For Oil And Gas Drilling1030 Words   |  5 PagesHowever this place is very Fragile and we, as American citizens should not let such thing happen. Drilling for oil in the Artic is just going harm the environment. In addition, there isn’t going to be any major progress in the economy. Oil and gas drilling seems to be a dirty business. The reason I say this is because people don’t really think about what would happen to the wilderness when oil and gas drilling moves in. The First thing we tend to observe is the disruption of wildlife migration routesRead MoreDomestic Oil Drilling1710 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 102 Monday 6pm 2/13/2012 Domestic Oil Drilling: Benefits and Risks. Senator Everett Dirksen once noted â€Å"The oilcan is mightier than the sword†. In today’s world, it is easy to see why oil can be considered the most important resource to hold. Without oil, many of the common day occurrences we take for granted would be impossible. Oil is used for almost everything; from the fuel used to drive our vehicles, to the plastics used in every facet of life, and providing the heat needed to liveRead MoreArctic Oil Drilling1508 Words   |  7 Pagesevery month or so as a result of the scarcity of oil. Some people just shrug the price increase off and cope with it, but the economic effect is far greater than it first appears. As the price of oil increases, so does the price of all other products that are transported. There is, however, an opportunity for the United States to increase the supply of available crude oil by drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The idea of drilling in the Arctic has been controversial and to the presentRead MoreOil Drilling and Pollution870 Words   |  3 Pages One way that drilling for oil destroys animals homes is that fossil fuels create carbon dioxide, and then that burned carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere and then Global Warming is starting to melt the ice caps that animals live on. Also, drilling the new wells that we have to drill to get the oil, that makes the amount of land for the animals to make homes go down, and when the land amount goes down so does the length of the animals, like the polar bear, go down. The average length of the polarRead MoreAlaska Oil Drilling1301 Words   |  6 Pagesdegradation. An example that sheds light on the conflict between human interests and environmental responsibility is the controversial approval of the oil drilling in the Northern Slope region of Alaska and the drilling that has already began, in the Tar Sands of Alberta. In this paper I will firstly explain the situation regarding why the drilling for oil is up for debate to take place. Secondly I will assess the benefits and the irreparable damage that could possibly bring forth devastating effectsRead MoreOil Drilling in the Arctic1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Coastal Plain of the Arctic Refuge is one of Americas last great wilderness areas. It is home to many animals such as polar bears, wolves, and grizzly bears, caribou herds, snow geese, musk oxen, and dozens of other species. If your oil companies keep drilling in the Arctic, most of these beautiful creatures will die, and some will become extinct. The Coastal Plain is home to these animals. Annually, a herd of 129,000 caribou gather on the Coastal Plain to bear and nurse their young. Polar bearsRead MoreBenefits of Oil Drilling825 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of Oil Drilling I am very intrigued by the oil drilling industry. I really hadn’t put much thought into the industry until around three years ago. Since then I have seen many arguments on the pros and cons of drilling for oil either offshore or inland. Some of which I completely understand and believe changes should be put into place soon so that we do not cause more damage than necessary. . Numerous arguments though are just people looking to place blame and are not seeing the biggerRead MoreOffshore Oil Drilling2562 Words   |  11 PagesOffshore Oil Drilling 1 The Time Has Come For More Offshore Oil Drilling [pic] Figure 1 shows what a typical offshore oil rig looks like. http://jonesact.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/oilrig.jpg Bryce D. Cates EPD 155 Sec 3 â€Å"Research Project† April 15, 2010 Offshore Oil Drilling 2 To: Paul Ross From: Bryce D. Cates Date: April 15, 2010 Subject: Cover Memo What do we do to obtain oil to meet the needs of Americans without having

Dolch Sight Words for Kindergarten to Third Grade

The Dolch Word Lists were developed by Edward W. Dolch. He researched English text he found published in the United States and found those words that show up the most in text. Some of those words are decodable, because they follow general phonemic and spelling rules for English. Many, however, are not decodable but instead are irregular, meaning they do not follow the rules of English. Over 50 - 75% of the most commonly used words are found in the Dolch List below. The Dolch Lists are among the most highly respected tools in the field of reading instruction, and are critical for creating meaning in text—using those common verbs, articles, and conjunctions to make words into language.   The Dolch lists are also valuable for word walls. Word walls provide a dictionary for emerging writers as well as readers, as they look to find the words they need to write. Dolch created a spiraling list of sight words that builds from grades to grades. You can add words from the lists to your word wall as you expand your students skills through appropriate pre-primer or primer decodable books, which will have many of the sight words. Then, you can encourage your students to use the word wall words in writing samples. Still, the goal should be to write to communicate, not write to meet some teachers requirements. Students with reading and language difficulties often dislike writing tasks—make them fun and make them about communicating their meaning and they will flex their writing muscles! How to Use the Dolch Words: Play games with them, cut the cards out and use them as flash cards.Use oral reading activities with the cards. Hold up the word, and use a sentence with a blank prompting the child to state the word. For instance: I liked that movie so much that I watched it _________ (again).Use and oral cloze activity, placing three cards, one that fills the cloze. You can have the child point to the correct word. This is especially good for children with reading skills but apraxia. i.e. John went to the park to (swim, and, the.)Shuffle the Dolch cards, turn them over one at a time and use them in a sentence.Have students go back and highlight (and correct, when necessary) the word wall words in their journal entries or free writing.   Daily routine use of the words will build reading confidence. For students with learning disabilities, these words can be learned developmentally, beginning with the pre-primer list.  There are five lists offering appropriate words for the  Pre-Primer,  Primer, 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, and  3rd Grade  reading levels. Word cards for all 44 spelling sounds  are available and can be great additions to your spelling program and word walls.

Alzheimers Disease And Dimentia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Normally, Alzheimer disease occurs after 60 old ages old. The chance increases as one gets older. This is a familial disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimers Disease And Dimentia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The hazard one will acquire Alzheimer additions after 70 old ages old. Survey shows that people over 65 old ages old that have Alzheimer are 10 % higher and Alzhiemr ‘s patients of over 85 have 50 % . Now, the Numberss of Americans who have Alzheimer ‘s disease are more than 4.5 million. The Numberss are predicted to raise to 13.2 million by 2050. Approximately 350,000 new instances of Alzheimer ‘s disease are diagnosed each twelvemonth and 59,000 victims dice. ( 2 ) Figure 2 shows Numberss of people in the US with Alzheimer ‘s disease for diffreant age groups in 2000 and in the hereafter, 2030 and 2050. ( 2 ) So far, there is no intervention for Alzheimer disease. However, I think that by utilizing drugs, we can forestall the symptoms from acquiring worse for a scope of clip. In this study, I would wish to discourse about this solution. In Alzheimer ‘s disease, there is a deficit of acetylcholine, the encephalon chemical involved in memory and acquisition. For many old ages, physicians have prescribed a drug called tacrine that elevates degrees of acetylcholine by barricading the activity of acetylcholine, the enzyme that breaks down it. -Better Nutrition In my sentiment, by the utilizing of cholinesterase inhibitors, the actions of the enzyme cholinesterase to interrupt down acetylcholine are impeded and become normal. Hence, the nervus cells in the encephalon have more acetylcholine. ( 4 ) As a consequence of this, new memories may go easier to organize. However, cholinesterase inhibitors do non change by reversal back the loss and destroy of acetylcholine in the encephalon. So, this medical specialty merely helps to forestall the symptoms from acquiring worse but does non forestall the patterned advance of the disease. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used to handle mild to chair Alzheimer. One groundss of this is four types of cholinesterase inhibitors are available get downing mid-2000. The drigs that are used are donepezil ( AriceptA ® ) , rivastigmine ( ExelonA ® ) , galantamine ( ReminyA ® ) , and tacrine ( CognexA ® ) . However, merely tacrine ( Razadyne – antecedently called Reminyl ) are used by most doctors as tacrine ( Cognex ) has more unwanted side effects than the donepezil hydrochloride rivastigmine and galantamine. By the manner, merely rivastigmine and galantamine are merely approved by the FDA for mild to chair Alzheimer ‘s disease, while donepezil is approved for mild, moderate, and terrible Alzheimer ‘s disease.. ( 5 ) B ) Memantine Besides, I think that another drug that could be used to handle Alzheimer ‘s patients is memantine. Memantine is believed to be able to modulate glutamate, an of import encephalon chemical. This drug ‘s chief consequence is to detain patterned advance of some of the symptoms of moderate to severe Alzheimer Disease ( AD ) . Memantine, an NMDA receptor adversary, Plants on the glutamatergic system. It does this by barricading NMDA glutamate receptors and therefore suppress overstimulation by glutamate. It decreases the consequence of extra glutamate activate nervus cells. It can barricade consequence of extra glutamate and reconstruct back physiological signal transmittal. As a consequence, signal sensing is stabilized and signal sensing is enabled. Excess glutamate has bad effects on encephalon as it, Masks signal transmittal Prevented sensing of signal in NMDA receptor Deteriorate nervus cells. Death of encephalon cells, and therefore Alzheimer ‘s. Although memantine is non proven to decelerate down patterned advance in Alzheimer disease, nevertheless the symptoms of Alzheimer do lessening. Studies show that patients with Alzheimer who take memantine can care for themselves better than patients on sugar pills ( placebos ) . With the intervention of memantine, patients can transport out normal activities a little longer than the patients without the intervention of memantine. For case, with the medicine, memantine may assist a patient with terrible Alzheimer comb the hair themselves, brash their dentitions and bath themselves for several months. This decreases the load for both the health professional and patients. In my sentiment, as NMDA adversary and cholinesterase inhibitors work really otherwise, they can be combined to be used together. Effectiveness Survey shows that when the ChEIs was given to th3 patients, the period of looking for NH admittance delayed ( HR: 0.37, 95 % CI 0.27 to 0.49 ) compared with those who ne’er used cognitive foils while with the add-on of memantine the consequence is significantly augmented ( HR: 0.29, 95 % CI 0.11 to 0.72 ) ( memantine+ChEI V ChEI entirely ) . ChEIs entirely, or in combination with memantine had no important association on clip to decease. ( 12 ) Figure 4 shows that the utilizing of memantine with ChEI to the intervention of AD widening clip to nursing place admittance. ( 13 ) Figure 5 show the effects of utilizing of rivastigmine as approved by the FDA for mild to chair Alzheimer ‘s disease. ( 14 ) Social and economic Deductions Economic costs Numbers vary between surveies but dementedness costs worldwide have been calculated around $ 160A billion, while costs of Alzheimer in the United States may be $ 100A billion each twelvemonth. ( 6 ) One of the economic deductions that I have brush is that Alzheimer disease is the most dearly-won disease which their cost is besides high-rising. In my position, with the addition of ageing of society, the cost besides increases. I can split the cost related to this disease into few phases that are direct costs in medical signifier, like nursing place attention, or direct non-medical costs, twenty-four hours attention and nonmedical costs like lost of productiveness of both patients and health professional. I genuinely believe that the life cost becomes highly high when health professional ‘s lost earning due to long term daily care given. This is shown when the disease becomes worse when advancements, which the patients need longer clip to be cared for and higher cost for nursing-care is needed. Behavioral alteration As people with Alzheimer frequently develop memory job at the early phase, I think that they have trouble in retrieving late learned facts, activities and unable to construe new information. Sing the personality, they become apathy, less self-generated and tend to insulate themselves. So, I believe that with the patterned advance of the disease, troubles in acquisition and memory addition. They are unable to comprehend or hold troubles with linguistic communication, have jobs in abstract thought and in other rational maps. At this phase their older memory is non really much affected but has troubles in new memory. The individual begins to hold job when working measures, with understanding the transition and be aftering their day-to-day activities. Turning to their behaviour, they may go aggressive, dying and leery. They tend to misinterpret what they see or what they hear. In my sentiment, this can take to misconstruing of both the patients and care-giver. The Alzheimer ‘s Answer Book: Professional Answers to More Than 250 Questions†¦ Figure 4 shows the behavioural alteration of an Alzheimer ‘s patient from normal, early, moderate to severe Alzheimer. Benefits â€Å" The research workers report that the test consequences indicate cholinesterase inhibitors led to a statistically important decrease in behavioural and psychological symptoms such as aggression, rolling or paranoia when utilizing the same dose as administered for bettering cognitive damage. â€Å" ( 12 ) I believe pharmaceutical used as a method of intervention do hold benefits. The drugs can forestall the symptoms from come oning within a limited clip and supply patients with comfort and self-respect. Besides, as the symptoms are prevented from acquiring worse within a scope of clip, the patient can be independent for a longer period of clip. This can diminish the care-giving load every bit good as the lovingness cost. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used for mild to chair AD. It helps the symptoms from worsen and command some behavioural features. ( 7 ) Hazard The most common side effects from taking cholinesterase inhibitors ( ChEIs ) are nausea, purging and increased frequence of intestine motions. These are due to cholinergic extra. Among the users, 10-20 % of mild and terrible patient will treat those side-effects. ( 6 ) For the secondary side-effects, they are muscle spasms, bosom rate is decreased. Besides, it besides decreases one ‘s appetency and weight and increased stomachic acid production in some patients. However, Between 75 % and 90 % of patients will digest curative doses of ChEIs. ( 5 ) Figure 6 shows the hazards of taking cholinesterase inhibitors. In my sentiment, the hazards of cholinesterase inhibitors are non life endangering. They may be take the incommodiousness to the patient.This is because of the increasing of acetylcholine in the encephalon. Hence, I think that patients should take cholinesterase inhibitors to as the benefits compensate the hazards. Besides, memantine causes hallucinations, confusion, giddiness, concern and weariness. ( 6 ) In add-on, it can do irregularity, back hurting, addition in blood force per unit area, purging, trouble in take a breathing and coughing. The side effects are normally minor and do non necessitate medical intervention. However, if you have hallucinations, allergic reaction, or trouble in external respiration, you should travel in front for physician. For mild Alzheimer ‘s patients, they frequently feel that the drugs are gross outing and unneeded. This cause the symptoms become worse and they finally labeled as centrist or terrible patients. In my sentiment, the health professionals and patients have to recognize the hazards of memantine before and during taking it for the better intervention for Alzheimer ‘s patients. Alternate solutions Psychosocial intercession Psychosocial intercession is a room designed for centripetal integrating therapy, which is an emotion-oriented psychosocial intercession for dementedness ‘s patients. Psychosocial intercessions can be classified into ( 6 ) Behavioural intercessions which tend to place and cut down the ancestors and consequence of job behavior. Behavioural intercession is non helpful in cut downing rolling but can assist in incontinency. Emotion-oriented intercessions which include reminiscence therapy ( RT ) that involved treatment of past experience separately or in a group, with the aid of exposure, music or sound recordings and their yesteryear ‘s familiar points. This therapy is found to be helpful in knowledge and temper. proof therapy that based on credence of world and personal truth of past experience to assist to better in dementedness while centripetal integrating is exercising that will assist in stimulation. supportive psychotherapeutics which is helpful in assisting mildly impaired Alzheimer patients to set their unwellnesss. centripetal integrating ( snoezelen ) and simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) which used the method recording and playing the sound and voice of closed relation to the Alzheimer patients. cognition-oriented which included Reality orientation which asks the patients to show the information about their topographic point, milieus, relations or household. Cognitive retraining ( decrease of cognitive shortages ) which improved the impaired ability by exerting their head. From this intervention, cognitive abilities have been improved. Stimulation-oriented attacks which consists of art, music and pet therapies, exercising, and any other sorts of recreational activities. This sort of intervention has most betterment in the facet of behavior, temper, and, to a lesser extent, map. Surgery in cistron therapy â€Å" The scientists stress that their work is still at a really early phase. So far they have merely worked on a little figure of patients, and the trials have been designed to happen out whether the technique is safe, instead than effectual. However, the early indicants suggest that it might assist to decelerate the promotion of disease. â€Å" ~BBC news~ ( 9 ) Besides from drugs, Alzheimer can now be treated by surgery. This surgery is done by surgically implanted modified tissue into the encephalon of Alzheimer patients and is known as cistron therapy protocol for Alzheimer ‘s disease. The surgery is done on a 60-year-old Caucasic adult female in the early phases of Alzheimer ‘s disease and she recovered good. This surgery usage human cistron therapy to handle Alzheimer. It prevents cell loss in Alzheimer by presenting a natural brain-survival molecule known as nervus growing factor ( NGF ) to the deceasing cells in the encephalon. ( 8 ) It is done by roll uping little sample of patients ain skin cells and infixing an stray NGF cistrons ( of course happening proteins found in the encephalons of all vertebrate animate beings ) from nervous system. The genetically engineered cells were cultured for three months. As they underwent mitosis, they produced big measures of NGF. After corroborating the cistrons has no harmful contaminations, it was implant into the patients ‘ encephalon. Although it can non wholly cures the disease, but it is hoped to protect and even reconstruct certain encephalon cells and relieve some symptoms, such as short-run memory loss, for a longer period or may be few old ages. This intervention targets a group of cells located deep in a encephalon ‘s country known as cholinergic system which map as back uping memory and cognitive map as it is the devolution of this system which leads to Alzheimer ‘s. By forestalling inordinate loss of this type of cells, Alzheimer ‘s disease can be improved. ( 8 ) Evaluation Beginning 1 I found that hypertext transfer protocol: //alzheimers.boomja.com/Alzheimer % 27s-Treatments — General-Overview-30775.html is really dependable and factual as it is a library for Alzheimer, which it collects information about Alzheimer organize several web site. It is the aggregation of information about Alzheimer, hence is called internet library of Alzheimer. Besides, new resources are added every twenty-four hours, like scientific publications, articles, and links to helpful sites, so it is really accurate and up-to-date. The website hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healia.com/healthguide/guides/alzheimers/what-treatments-are-available where it collects information from is besides really dependable as it is certified by the HONcode criterion for trusty wellness information. How to cite Alzheimers Disease And Dimentia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Modern Cryptography : Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: In the given topic, it can be seen that the author has argued about the foundations of modern world view. In the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, there was an emergence of modern and autonomous human being who was conscious about his own self. This special creature was curious about the world and confident about his own judgments. The author had also mentioned about the skeptical of orthodoxies and the rebellious nature against the authority is liable for his own idea and actions. They are more committed to a bigger future and proud of their own self. They are also conscious of their distinctness from nature and very much aware of their artistic and creative power. This arrival of the modern mind as deep rooted in the rebellion against the traditional authorities took hold of the three distinct forms- the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Arrival of these three forms gave rise to the cultural hegemony of the Catholic Church. On the contrary, no monolithic structure of belief held any civilization or science as the mankinds empirical and rational liberation which appeals to the common sense and a strong reality that can be touched and weighed by them. The verifiable theories that are texted and discussed in this topic replaced the dogmatic revelation hierarchy that was implied by the church. The straight and valid data of the natural senses, the theoretical and systematic methods of the age old belief of the rising and setting of the sun and rotation of the earth was later analyzed through reasoning, calculation and other technologically advanced observation. There is certain invalidity in the points raised by the author of this book. The process was now open and established a new form in the society. Not only the earth but also the human are now moving out of the finite, infinite, static, hierarchical universe in to new and unknown territories. The strengths lie in the foundation and direction that the modern mind had been largely established. It is high time, to summarize few of the key factors of the modern world view as it was done earlier in the classical Greek and Christian era. It is required to define the focus of the human beings for extension of the analysis. The views of Newton, Galileo, Descartes and Bacon are specifically relevant in the given scenario. A negotiation between the medieval Christian creator God and the modern mechanical cosmos between the human mind and spiritual principle of the worldly objective is a topic of argument here. The democratic and industrial revolution and the rise of the Western culture can be brought forward to build technological, economic, social and political platform. It was again affirmed and stated in its own cultural sovereignty. The theory of Darwin regarding evolution brought the origin of natures species and human within the boundary of modern outlook and natural science. It can be counter argued that science has replaced religion as a scholar authority. Human motive and empirical inspection has replaced the theological doctrine and the scriptural revelation as the prime means for comprehending the universe. The two basis of contemporary epistemology, i.e. rationalism and empiricism gradually produced the apparent metaphysical elements. The heavenly bodies had moved to the same natural and mechanical forces which are composed of the same material and substances similar to those found in the earth. With the decline in geocentric cosmos and the rise in mechanistic paradigm, astronomy was ultimately severed from astrology. With contrast and comparison, both the ancient and medieval world views, the heavenly bodies of the modern universe did not have any symbolic significance. The text was useful in providing the relevant information. Reference Doll Jr, William E. "Foundations for a post?modern curriculum."Journal of Curriculum Studies21, no. 3 (1989): 243-253. Gamst, Frederick C. "Foundations of social theory."Anthropology of Work Review12, no. 3 (1991): 19-25. Mao, Wenbo.Modern cryptography: theory and practice. Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, 2003. Tarnas, Richard. Foundations of the modern world view.

Importance of Training Mind to Find Happiness and Meaning of Life

The depth of human mind allows individuals to use it as a powerful instrument for examining the nature of reality and exploring the human potential. However, our perception of the world alters as soon as we gain more knowledge and experience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Training Mind to Find Happiness and Meaning of Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reality, therefore, is a complex set of acquired knowledge about information, as well as unique vision of an individual. It is logical, therefore, for people to cognize the world in different fashion because their attitudes and belief systems rely more on experiential dimension. People should be aware of the importance to control and train our mind in order to understand the objective reality and become much happier. Our mind, therefore, is the major obstacle to become happy and achieve harmony with nature and the surrounding world. Mind is t he main mechanism that permits individuals to interpret reality, but the extent of objectivity and perception depends largely on the level of self-confidence. Training mind reveals much more opportunities for humans to perceive the world. In particular, it blurs the boundaries of consciousness and expands our understanding of how world is represented. According to Buddhist thinking, mind training â€Å"†¦is training in stability in order to â€Å"reveal the mystery† of the ultimate nature of reality, our own and that of other phenomena† (Wallace 80). Buddhism also proposes two approaches to mind training – release and control. The latter implies being able to sustain attention on a specific object which is aimed at taking control of our actions and thoughts.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Focusing attention on a specific object allows an individual to estab lish priorities in case the attention is straightforward. Foci of attention do not only change attitude, but also provide more information about the reality that was hidden due to the established frames of attention. Mind training does not change our outlook or the mechanism we perceive reality. Rather, it can transform our attitudes, which does not imply changing our identity. In this respect, physical and verbal conduct reflecting individual attitudes and perceptions should influence identity and, as a result, certain circumstances entail radical changes. Maintaining the extent of spiritual engagement, but changing the mechanisms of interpreting reality is the key to training and controlling our actions. The models of cognizing reality also depend on our understanding of what reality and experience imply, as well as how it transforms our consciousness. Being aware of these concepts can induce the corresponding shifts. Therefore, mind and consciousness takes responsibility for the way perceive reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Training Mind to Find Happiness and Meaning of Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With regard to the above, it is highly important how human mind approaches specific realities, which is the ground of the Buddhist philosophy. Cultivating mind is important for understanding how various processes affect our perception and attitude to the world. In this respect, faith and confidence are key factors affecting belief systems. However, people believe in or accept something because they have confidence in it, but not because it is written in religious scriptures, or because a certain philosophical or religious movement accepts it. In other words, human mind is not subject solely to rational explanation of the world. Many aspects lie beyond the reason and intellectual thinking and can be cognized by emotional faculties. One way or another, blind accep tance is inadmissible because thinking process cannot capture the depth of the processes and activities. There is an assumption that, in order to accept happiness, dissatisfaction is the first step to reach the goal. The idea is slightly congruent with Descartes’s deliberations on the concept of ambivalence and oppositions. A person can conceive the concept of happiness and peace as soon as he/she realizes what it means to be upset, discouraged, and angry. All these aspects are also differently perceived and depend largely on the set of experiences an individual gains in the course of life.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, dissatisfaction, as the ground thesis in Buddhism, entails suffering and endless searching. Individuals should undergo suffering, sorrow, and pain to understand how happiness can be achieved. As a result, being happy means being liberated from sorrow and suffering. Our understanding of happiness is strongly associated with the way our mind approaches reality. People can differently evaluate specific situations. Some individuals might think that happiness is impossible to achieve unless they are bound by stereotypes and prejudices whereas others firmly believe that happiness is possible as soon they found the boundaries of their consciousness. Contextual reality, therefore, is largely constructed by the way we measure external processes. The core sense of mind training does not consist in sustaining firm beliefs and attitudes about various concepts. Indeed, specific vision of reality is largely predetermined by the extent to which individuals focus on self-confidence an d self-development. Self-centered approach to perceiving reality often prevents from interpreting it in an objective way. The point is that people mistakenly think that craving is the key to achieving peace and happiness. In fact, to perceive the reality as it is can be possible through denial and removal of the existence of sel. According to Buddhism, self-delusion is the main cause of unhappiness. At the same time, human mind is capable of achieving happiness by interpreting reality in its own way, which is also a kind of self-delusion. The human mind has the ability to interpret reality differently in the course of gaining experience and evolving. Deep reflection on the transformation of human mind and human consciousness are brightly represented in the Chinese philosophy. In particular, the Chinese philosophers adhere to the evidence of existence of a specific pattern that shapes the ultimate reality and that stands separately from human perception. Therefore, human nature has t he capability of disclosing the reality of thing differently because of a set of factors shaping their vision. In this respect, reality can also be regarded as a combination of individual realities. It is logical to assert, therefore, that reality cannot be perceived as an ultimate representation of things, but the one that is characterized by the presence of individuals. The sense of belonging of the individual to the whole reality is closely connected to the spiritual dimension, as well as to the degree to which a person identifies himself/herself with the reality. In addition, although the way we perceive things stands beyond the ultimate reality of things, human nature is still rooted in the ultimate representation. Thus, individuals originally have knowledge of things and recognize the efforts to cognize the reality. The fact that the mind is the precursor all conditioned things is justified because it predetermines the quality of our life, as well as our future actions. The hu man mind is also the forerunner of all conflicts and misunderstandings because of the previously cultivated perceptions and concepts. Therefore, retraining and controlling the mind is the key to understanding and reconciliation. False images and interpretation of the ultimate reality will not contribute to avoiding ideological confrontations. In order to cognize the ultimate reality, the Buddhist philosophers argue that individuals should know, control, and train their minds to liberate from existing stereotypes. Moreover, asserting that human nature is inherent part of ultimate reality also seems logical. As soon as we become aware of the importance of training and controlling our mind provides new perspectives of setting our consciousness free. There are people who live in the realm of ideas, image, symbols, and concepts. However, this world does not characterize the real state of things. This is where theory is distinguished from empirical experience. Accumulating knowledge from practical experience can be valued because it contributes to resolving and understanding the essence of things. Reluctance to understand reality can lead to conflict because the conditioned dimension implies abiding the things that are not actually presented as we see them. Despite the fact that the reality exists independent from human mind, the conflicts and confusion will still be generated as long as humans stop distorting the ultimate reality. In conclusion, it should be stressed that the human mind should not have ideological and stereotypical boundaries because it prevents them from perceiving objectively the ultimate reality. However, because human nature originates from the objective reality, our belief system, perceptions, and attitudes should also be regarded as representation of this reality. Therefore, people should focus on training, controlling, and cognizing their minds in order to avoid conflict and confusions, as well as achieve happiness and harmony with other peo ple. Work Cited Wallace, Alan B. Buddhism with an Attitude: The Tibetan Seven-Point Mind-Training. US: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, Print. This essay on Importance of Training Mind to Find Happiness and Meaning of Life was written and submitted by user Anders Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kenyetta Douglas Essays - Self-defense, Free Essays, Term Papers

Kenyetta Douglas Essays - Self-defense, Free Essays, Term Papers Kenyetta Douglas AP Lang and Composition Ayau 14 December 2016 Stand Your Ground Laws Are Failing In a problematic situation, such as an assailant waving a gun at a victim, the victim has the right to protect themselves if they are feeling threatened. How would someone respond if an assailant is waving a gun using a threatening tone? Someone might respond by trying to avoid the situation or by retreating, or the person will take his chance and try to protect his life. This scenario is covered under the Stand Your Ground or SYG law. The question that troubles people is the effectiveness of the Stand Your Ground law. The Stand Your Ground has flaws which affect the validity of the law and shows no sign of protecting the human race. The flaws include, the law protects the guilty, the law is vague, and it gives the right to kill. The Stand Your Ground law states that person has the right to use deadly force if needed and if there is an retreat option the person can do so but they do not have to (Hundley et al, 2) According to Hundley and other writers, the law also addresses that if the victim cannot retreat then he or she may use any force necessary to protect himself.(2) The law first emerged after 9/11 in 2001 when the public safety of society was diminished. The law was later changed in 2005 by Jeb Bush, but it did not have any more detailed specifications than the expansion to the castle doctrine( the law that gives people the right to protect their home and their valuables) (Cohen 3). There are a total of 22 of states who have the Stand Your Ground law, including states Kentucky,Florida, Texas , and Pennsylvania. The statistics show that the SYG law has resulted in an increase in firearm homicides because the assailant believes he can get off unprosecuted in a court. According Walkens duri ng "2007-2009 over 4,900 people in the U.S. died from unintentional shootings"(Walkens 20) Walkens also addresses that the U.S. has the highest gun deaths out of 36 of the wealthiest nations (21). One of the reasons the SYG law is flawed is, because it claims it protect people from bodily harm when they are letting the guilty go free while the innocent person was harmed. Many people can elude the law by simply calling out "self defense" when an victim is dead. In 2004 eight homicides were deemed justifiable as of in the court(Cloud 3). SYG laws allow for people to premeditate what they are going to do to the victim they despise, resulting in usually the death of the victim. No one can prove otherwise that the assailant had attacked the victim making the law seem unfair(National Task Force 30). The jurors' and the judge's judgment of the assailant's plea is debated because the case is biased to the assailant's recollection of the altercation that happened earlier. Statistics show that about 70% of people who claim self defense under the SYG law goes free (Hundley et al., 1). Cloud found out that in 2010,about 5 years after the SYG law was enacted the number of justifiab le homicides increased to 40 from eight homicides (3). In addition to protecting the guilty, the jury is obliged to think on a level where they see that one person was saved from an altercation rather than two casualties(Lave 21-22). The SYG law is strongly based on protection of a life resulting in the bias to be put on the jury in the trial. The bias presented through the SYG law is that the jury is likely to believe the assailant since there is no one to contradict his statement making the judge biased. Another flaw in the SYG law is that the use of deadly force has many factors in determining the force needed to protect someone's life. For example if someone was fighting using physical force then there is no reason for the victim to bring out a gun since the force is minimum. The first factor is the correspondence of the threat to the victim. So in any case where the assailant is trying to just

Decisions in Papradise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decisions in Papradise - Essay Example The first stage of the decision making technique discussed by Kolb et. al. (2007) is to take an overall view of the situation so it can be fully analyzed and understood by those making the decisions. This begins with examining the facts as well as the needs of the company and the eventual goals as to where it wants to be in the future. Past experiences and business expertise can be used as guides in this stage and the problem can be broken down into parts to give them priority and make the required adjustments. For our purposes, we need to conduct both a SWOT analysis and a PESTEL analysis to get a clear picture of what is happening in Kava and to understand our options for creating a greater presence on the island. The second stage comes into play when we create different solutions that can be used to help our business objectives and thus help in making decisions concerning the future of our company on Kava. The solutions can be created through brainstorming sessions and may even be outlandish. However, the decision making process comes in when we realize that certain solutions are more appropriate than others and the best solution may be what brings us closest to our objectives in the least amount of time while staying within the rules of the game. In the case of Kava, the solutions need to be based on the issues which are described in the case and these include following the mission of the company to remain profitable while being socially responsible. It is clear that developing a base of operations and helping the island is a part of the social responsibility of the company but it is difficult to see how the company can remain profitable in the given scenario. Therefore, it might be logical for the company to seek diversity for its business interests beyond its core competencies if it focuses on the variety of opportunities presented by being in Kava. Understandably, this type of critical thinking and

Lies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lies - Essay Example It is a fact that lying leads to more lies. When a person tells a lie for some reason, he/she needs to tell many other lies to cover that lie. Lies do not have any moral ground or proper base. Although lies can benefit people for a short span of time but their long-term effects are never good for them. It is because a person has to lie several times in life to cover one false statement given by that person in some earlier part of life. Another fact regarding lying is that it makes many other people lie to save the liar. A liar not only performs the immoral act of lying himself/herself but also makes his/her friends and family members perform the same act in order to get their cover to escape from the worse scenarios. Lying is really a waste of time and energy. A person who lies for some reason needs to remember that lie and perpetrate it in order to escape from any unexpected situation. Remembering a lie and making efforts to hide the truth regarding that lie forever is a very tiring job. Lies make the life of a person very difficult and troublesome instead of bringing any sort of long-term relief. A person needs to spend a good amount of time thinking how to hide the truth in future. Sometimes liars start believing that the lie that they have spoken is the ultimate truth. They start opposing the reality and a fight between right and wrong starts in their minds. They try to escape from the immorality of lying by opposing the truth and reality. However, they do not succeed in that and a sense of guilt injects in their minds forever. Lies also cause mistrust between true relationships. Lies inject doubt between the relationships, which decrease the degree of love, harmony, and respect that exists between the relationships. Lies create troubles not only for the liars but also for the people who are in some sort of relationship with the liars. Summing it up, lies put a number of negative effects

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems

Review Of Intensive Farming Systems The intensive farming systems of developed countries, such as United Kingdom seek to maximize yield through what is usually described by agricultural economists as Best Management Practice (BMP), which involves the most efficient use of all inputs, including fertilizers, herbicides, seed varieties, and precision agricultural techniques (Goulding et al, 2008). (BMP) Fertilizers have been central to this approach, which has resulted in a tremendous increase in productivity over that last 40 years. For example, the efficient use of improved fertilizers, combined with new varieties of wheat and the successful use of crop protection chemicals, has increased grain yields from 3 tons per hectare to approximately 10 to 11 tons per hectare today (Goulding et al, 2008). Moreover the current market economic incentives facing many farmers are likely to encourage excess fertilizer application (Scott, 2005). It is generally recognized that if eventually the adoption of market prices for most agric ultural goods without any subsidies became a reality, in order to be competitive with the lower production costs of developing countries in South America, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, the pressure to intensify even the most UNITED KINGDOM intensive production systems will as well become reality despite the negative consequences on the environment (Goulding et al, 2008). The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic determinants of intensity of fertiliser application in non-organic cropland farms in England using a panel data model (panel data). The quantitative and behavioural studies in agriculture are frequently based on the notion that the family business is managed by a single decision-maker the person who exerts the financial and managerial control over the farm unit (Morris and Evans, 2004). This perspective derives from neoclassical economies and implies that decisions for the business are taken by a single entrepreneur (War and Lowe, 1994). However this study differs from much previous research into the estimation and clarification of the technical drivers responsible for fertilizer application by including variables that relate to both farmer characteristics and farm economic aspects. It will be followed an argument commonly accept in the literature that farmers tend to over-apply fertilizer from an agronomic perspective (i.e. , more than warranted to attain a given yield target) essentially given the uncertainty about environmental growing conditions (Sheriff, 1995; Scott, 2005). (apply mainly N). Nonetheless the author will have in mind that the fertilizer inputs into agricultural systems in the UNITED KINGDOM occur mainly via Nitrogen (Velthof et al., 1998) with the general objective to reduce the probability of poor yields and moreover increase the variance in profit. However, given the emergent apprehension with the impact of agriculture on environment and society, there has been a growing need to develop a more comprehensive definition of agriculture productivity (Pretty, 1998; Defra, 2002). Although government policies will not be addressed or recommended specifically, the author hopes to open a new channel for discussion. As Annan (2005) argues it is imperative to aim at a reasonable balance between the level of technical detail and the availability of meaningful data describing future development of new and improved categories of abatement options. Consequently contributing to reach the 10per cent inorganic fertilizer reduction by 2020 with consequent reductions in N2O emissions (Entec, 2004), and moreover contribute to UNITED KINGDOM reach the overall national target of 80per cent GHG reduction by 2050(ADAS, 2009).(reduce emissions) Agriculture and fertilizer Agriculture is one of the most successful sectors in terms of productivity growth, has outpaced the rapid growth in demand for its output for the past decades (Shaink el al, 2002). (agri success). This trend has provided hefty social benefits, such as increased the accessibility of agricultural goods usually at a lower price, provision of jobs and therefore rural sustainability, energy and also positive environmental effects, such as aesthetic value, carbon sequestration by soils and trees, and other additional benefits that are linked with good husbandry such as maintenance of natural habitats and countryside landscape (Shaink et al,2002; Scott, 2005) (social benefits / positive extern). However, is largely referenced in literature that the increased use of chemicals either fertilisers or pesticides in agriculture intensive systems is associated with hidden costs due to environmental pollution in soil, water and atmosphere -, consequently has amplified the negative social effects o n the natural environment (eg. Shaink et al,2002; Scott,2005 ) (pollution1). This argument is supported by an analysis of the externalities from UNITED KINGDOM agriculture made by Hartridge and Pearce (2001), finding that negative externalities amount to at least  £1 billion, and positive externalities offset approximately half of these negative effects (negative/positive external). Farmers and fertilizer application The main question rises once more, what are the fertilizer application determinants? For a typical farm manager, output is what matters most to the business survival and prosperity. Consequently, farmers apply fertilisers since they represent personal benefits in the form of improved outputs and incomes, however plants absorb fertilisers just up to their needs only, therefore surplus fertiliser over and above the needs of plants can cause harmful side effects (Scott, 2005) either on the farm profit or in the environment. (more/less fert plant). A given agricultural input bundle might result in wide diverse output levels according to the level at which random factors operate (Gallacher, 2001) (input output). Rounsevell and Reay (2009) clarify the previous argument stating that land use and therefore fertilizer application changes are driven primarily by farmer decisions, which are affected by the economic environment (output and input prices), soil features, crop and livestock yields, timeliness of field operations, availability of investment capital, subsidies as well as the socio-cultural attributes of individual farmersThe first driver is clearly an agronomic argument, since agronomists agree that crop nutrient uptake is higher in years with good growing conditions (Babcock, 1992), therefore if a farmer applies the optimal amount of fertilizer for mean growing conditions, and in a particular year those conditions are better than expected, there will be too little fertilizer and decrease in production. On other hand if weather conditions are not conducive, there will be too much fertilizer (Sheriff, 2005), thus a risk-neutral farmer applies fertilizer at a higher rate as long as the expected gain in profit from the increased yield is higher than the expected loss in profit from wasted fertilizer. Another hypothesis is proposed by Rajsic and Weersink (2008). They argue that while there may be agreement on the functional form of crop response to fertilizer, there will be differences in the optimal rate between locations. Numerous studies have reported that the maximum economic nitrogen rate varies spatially and that the degree of variability can be substantial (Carr et al., 1991). As a consequence there is a need to analyze the spatial variations in order to state the yield potential of the field and/or region, the underlying assumption is that yield potential is directly linked to the productivity of nitrogen, so fields with higher estimated output receive higher rates of fertilizer (Rajsic and Weersink 2008). Dai et al (1993), however, found that nitrogen and soil quality are complements, and soil quality uncertainty and nitrogen availability are linked which will increase nitrogen demand and consequently nitrogen input. Additionally Rajsic (2008), Sheriff (2005) and also Dai el al (1993) argue that one of the main causes for over-fertilisation might be related to the uncertainty about weather and soil characteristics that can lead both risk-averse and risk-neutral farmers to over-apply nutrients, therefore the decision to apply a little extra just in case is particularly appropriate if the cost of over-application is low compared to the cost of under application (Rajsic, 2008) (a little extra risk averse). This idea is supported by Sherriff (2005), arguing that farmers will apply more fertilizer than a crop can use due to a perception that the general recommendations are not appropriate for their individual situations. Smill (1999) argues that the application of N is fairly inefficient in most farms, since farmers are applying nitrogen at levels that exceed those suggested by either government extension services or by the optimal nitrogen appliance (Rajsic and Weersink, 2008) (N inefficiency). Approximately half of Nitrogen applied during a growing sea son is typically recovered in the crop biomass throughout that season, therefore this inefficiency represents a noteworthy cost to farmers and an important consequences for ecosystem and human health as Nitrogen moves beyond the farm level in several aqueous or gaseous forms, such as N2O(Matson et al., 1997, 1998; Galloway, 1998). In practice evidence suggests that farmers systematically over-estimate the impact of additional nitrogen relative to agronomists models and therefore they maintain their beliefs after seeing results from experimental plots (SriRamaratnam et al., 1987). If farmers perceptions are incorrect, these beliefs will lead to over-application, conversely if their sensitivity is correct, analysts may infer excess nutrient applications where none exist. Thus if weather, the relation between fertiliser prices and output prices and soil features are not main and/or the only drivers behind fertiliser application, which characteristics does the farmer have to apply more or less fertiliser compared to those with the same features and constraints? The effect of fertilizers on the environment The relatively cheap price of Nitrogen in relation to its yield improvement benefits, and allowing farmers substantial management flexibility, has been a central contributory factor in determining its overuse and consequently the environmental impacts reported below. It is known that Agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide have fallen by 13 per cent over the 10 years up to 2005 and the trend is continuing (DEFRA, 2007).However despite this reduction in the UNITED KINGDOM and other major developed countries, the major direct emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are from agriculture methane (CH4) caused by enteric fermentation by ruminant livestock and manure management, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils (Gibbons, 2005). Additionally methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than carbon dioxide while nitrous oxide global warming potential (GWP) is considered 296 times that of the same mass of carbon dioxide (Houghton et al., 2001), consequently fairly small concentrations of this gas are sufficient to induce drastic changes in the atmosphere. At current estimates N2O contributes about 7 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions in terms of the GWP (Winiwarter, 2005). As a result, among the gases considered by the Kyoto Protocol, N2O i s ranked third in importance behind carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) (Winiwarter, 2005). Seinfeld and Pandis (1998) add that N2O is a very stable compound in the atmosphere, with a mean lifetime of 120 years, so the emissions will have an effect on the global concentrations in the atmosphere for many decades. The same authors argue that N2O is able to strongly absorb infrared light, thus it also exerts a considerable effect on the earths radiation absorption. Therefore is obvious the magnitude of nitrogen fertilization emissions has a dramatic effect on the environment. Approximately 1per cent of the anthropogenic Nitrogen input into agricultural systems is emitted as nitrous oxide, with agriculture as a whole contributing to 66per cent of total UNITED KINGDOM nitrous oxide emissions in 2006, 95per cent of it via direct emissions from agricultural soils (IPCC, 2006). In addition, fertiliser manufacturing is energy-intensive (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). Carbon dioxide emissions from ammonia production most of which is for fertiliser use made up 0.3per cent (1.6 million tonnes) of UNITED KINGDOM CO2 emissions in 2006 (DEFRA, 2006). Nitrogenous fertiliser consumption in the UNITED KINGDOM increased by nearly 300 per cent between 1961 and the late 1980s, regardless of the decline in agricultural land area (roughly 15per cent in the same time interval) indicating a large increase in application rates per unit area of land over this period (Rounsevell and Reay, 2009). As stated previously, fertiliser Nitrogen consumption gradually declined after 1990, reaching a rate of around 1.2 million tonnes per year in 2006 (DEFRA, 2008). As Smil (2000, 2001) argues, Nitrogen (N) is a key input in agriculture, therefore we cannot simply exclude or limit the application of it to meaningless values. We should instead open a new channel of discussion in order to improve or formulate new policies in an enhanced cost-efficient way that decreases damaging effects on the environment and improves farms profits. This can only be achieved if each of determinants of fertilizer application are well understood. Project scope UNITED KINGDOM agricultural features UNITED KINGDOM land use is still largely dominated by agriculture. In June 2008 about 77 per cent of the total land area of the UNITED KINGDOM, which represents approximately 18.8 million hectares, was used for agriculture proposes (DEFRA, 2008). This proportion is relatively large compared with the average of 50 per cent in the EU27, and 54per cent, 47per cent and 50per cent for France, Germany and Spain, respectively (Angus et al, 2009). Despite these figures, agricultures contribution to GDP and employment in the UNITED KINGDOM is low, at about 0.5per cent and 1.8per cent respectively (DEFRA, 2009). Of this area, about 28 per cent is allocated to arable cropping, including fallow land, and 67 per cent to grassland, mostly permanent pastures, and 58 per cent (10.2 million hectares) is considered lowland, defined as land less than 240m above sea level. (Angus et al, 2009). In England due to patterns of agricultural land constraints relative to soils and topography features, the majo r concentration of grassland and livestock farming is located in the North and West, and arable farming in the East and South (Angus et al, 2009). Consequently, the largest farms in the UNITED KINGDOM are concentrated in southern and eastern England (Ward, 2000). The agricultural sector in the UNITED KINGDOM is composed of over 300,000 holdings, varying widely in size and type, employing an assortment of different farming practices and use of inputs such as soil and water as well as fertilizers, land and waste management (DEFRA, 2009). One common aspect among the major countries in the EU is that the farming population is getting older. Eurostat show in 2000 that in UNITED KINGDOM only 5.2 per cent of farmers were under 35 years old, compared to 7.4 percent in 1990. The absolute number of under 35s had fallen over the last decade by 6,000 which represents more than one third. Over the same period, the proportion of holders with 65 years old and over had risen from 22.1per cent to 25 .3per cent (DEFRA, 2007). Regarding the educational level, between 1990 and 2005 there has been almost no change to the overall proportions, roughly three quarters of farmers have no formal agricultural training, with the remaining 25per cent equally divided between the higher education levels (DEFRA, 2007). Another important point relates to the fact that 38per cent of managers of the largest farms have proper agricultural education compared to just 7 per cent on the smallest farms (DEFRA, 2007). Personal Characteristics effects on farm efficiency In modern agriculture there is an increasing need to produce policy evaluation studies in order to be acquainted with the major drivers behind the decisions made by farmers within a socio-demographic context. Numerous studies that have identified a significant variation in the physical and financial performance achieved by farmers operating within the same economic and environmental constraints (Wilson et al, 2001;Rougoor et al, 1998). Therefore, it is pertinent to inquire the reason why this variation occurs. Kay and Edwards (1994) argue that in many occasions the variation in management is the cause of performance fluctuation (farm management). However, unlike physical factors of production (e.g. land, labour, and capital) management is not directly observable, consequently this causes difficulties to any analysis that attempts to explain the management influence on farm performance. Rougoor et al. (1998) defined management capacity into two components: personal feature (e.g., drives, motivations, social factors and education) and features of the decision-making process (e.g., procedures in planning, implementation and control of decisions). Moreover, it is argued that the decision-maki ng process is obviously influenced by the link of the factors stated above, and if any of them is excluded the cause of farm efficiency variation might be incorrectly measured (Wallace, 1974; Kay and Edwards, 1994; Poggi-Varaldo, 1998;Rougoor et al, 1998; Wilson et al, 2001) . Rougoor et al. (1998) highlights the argument that a manager may hold beneficial personal skills however fails to accomplish high performance due to a poor decision-making process. Previous research made by Huffman (1974) found a positive impact of human capital on allocative efficiency in agriculture. In particular, these authors argued that education diminishes the time needed to adjust to changes in production options and/or price ratios. An additional factor that might explain the farm efficiency variation is the farmers age. Burton (2009) emphasises the strength of age as an indicator since age reflects the level of experience which might be a complement or even a substitute of education. In order to demonstrate the significance of education in this subject, Lockhead et al (1981) presented a detailed survey of studies analysing the effect of farmer education on farm management efficiency using the results from 37 data sets, investigating the effect of institutional education and non-formal education. They concluded that in 31 of these data sets, institutional education was found to have a positive and significant effect, and 8 of which provided evidence th at non-formal education was also significantly positively related to productivity. An additional reason for more efficient input and output combinations being attained by more educated farmers is given by Welch (1978) and further by Gallacher (2001), both arguing that optimum firm size is correlated with education as it relates to optimum scale of production, usually the higher education level obtained, the larger the size of the farm being managed. In this study, it will be exploit formal education as one of the explanatory causes in the possible efficiency dissimilarity between two or more farms with the same constraints, due to the difficulty in accurately measuring non-formal education. However, the author is conscious that the final outcome might be ambiguous since these two forms of education are usually complements (Lockhead, 1981; Mook, 1981; Asfaw, 2004). Data Source Farm Business Survey The FBS is widely recognised as the most comprehensive and independent survey of farm incomes and provides an authoritative data source on the economic and physical performance of farm businesses in England and Wales. It is undertaken each year by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the National Assembly for Wales (NAW). In England, the survey is conducted by a consortium of seven FBS Research Centres Universities of Cambridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham and Reading, and Askham Bryan, Duchy and Imperial Colleges, led by the University of Nottingham. Its members work in partnership, using uniform standard practices in reporting their findings to ensure consistent data quality, accuracy and validity. The principal function of the Farm Business Survey (FBS) is to inform the UNITED KINGDOM Government and EU agricultural policy makers of the current financial state of the different sectors of UNITED KINGDOM farming. The FBS also provides full management accounting data on the agricultural activities of farm businesses, location, physical and environmental characteristics of the farm and several measures of non-agricultural activity, such as farm household characteristics. The survey uses a sample of farms that is representative of the national population of farms in terms of farm type, farm size and regional location. Since 2005/06 approximately 2400 individual farms took part in this survey of which roughly 2000 are English (the rest being from Wales). Results are compiled using accredited documents and personal interviews and written up into Farm Business Survey yyyy/yy. .

Suicides in Foxconn

FOXCONN Abstract: Principles of  Organizational Behavior  from the point of view, combined with Foxconn employees work attitude,  job satisfaction  and work pressure, etc. , on a world-renowned company Foxconn consecutive suicides occurred in a comparative analysis to explain the business In the era of the  development  process need to strengthen the management measures. Keywords: Foxconn, suicide, cognitive dissonance, job satisfaction,  work pressure From January 2010 to November 2010, just 11 months time, the industry's leading OEM companies Foxconn employees took place more than a dozen suicides.Shocked the whole community, Foxconn is also pushed to the cusp of public opinion, resulting in the suicide for many reasons, this paper will follow the principles of organizational behavior, from the attitude of staff,  job satisfaction  and  work pressure  angle analyze, and to make business in the context of the times need to be strengthened management measures. F irst, the background events Foxconn managementJanuary 23, 2010, 19-year-old horse to move in staff training at the southern quarters Foxconn death in 2010, the evening of March 11, 0930, Fuji Kang Longhua base, surnamed Li, a 20-year-old male C2 in the living quarters, 5th Floor, fall dead †¦ †¦ November 5, 2010, a 23-year-old park in Shenzhen Foxconn male workers committed suicide, which occurred since the beginning of the fourteenth consecutive suicides. Second, the Foxconn management event analysis Foxconn management event, the staff of suicide can be divided into two separate aspects of the occurrence and collective place. A separate suicide When a suicide occurs, Foxconn, Foxconn recruitment at the entrance is still full of people, when asked whether the candidates know that Foxconn suicide, the answer is known. When asked why to candidates, the answer is to open here on time wages, never in arrears. Foxconn released from the treatment of employees to see their three meals a day can guarantee accommodation hardware, transportation, laundry and other basic living conditions can be guaranteed, which is also a number of job seekers in the know Foxconn suicide after the incident still choose to work Foxconn reasons.Why these basic conditions are met, the staff, the staff or the successive suicides happen? The reasons are manifold. Data show the continuous Foxconn suicides have occurred in the younger generation of employees. Therefore, these new generation of employees to its own characteristics and has a lot of suicide, such as the current business environment caused by excessive pressure on the employees, and these pressure generation, from the perspective of  Organizational Behavior  is the cognitive dissonance caused by the employees.Cognitive dissonance refers to any form of attitudes and behavior are inconsistent will people feel uncomfortable, so the individual will try to reduce this mismatch, uncomfortable, if not improve cognitive diss onance, then the pressure will increase staff, accumulated to a certain extent when the pressure can not resolve, there may lead to suicide.Cognitive dissonance caused by Foxconn employees is mainly due to low  job satisfaction  a long time, Foxconn did not lower employee  job satisfaction  to improve this problem and take effective measures, low  job satisfaction  is the work of various factors caused, mainly due to the following four points:   1. Interest in  working  with low input pressure is huge. Foxconn, front-line staff here is equivalent to a large machine parts, every day repeating the same work, and is refined into a product of a step, spend months and years do the accumulated pressure is very great, because such work is not only monotonous, but also hard to put into it.Relative to the new generation of employees, their fathers on the job satisfaction can  make money  mainly depends on the simple duplication of work brought about by the pressure and can deliver the economic income compared to income is dominant, even if than the current pressures facing the new generation of larger,  make money  to achieve this goal will significantly reduce the cognitive dissonance caused by pressure, while the new generation of employees no onger earn money as migrant workers for the sole purpose, more more to lifestyle changes and seek better opportunities, when they face such a person is equivalent to the production machine as pArt  of boring work, it can not compensate for low wages brought about by the work of cognitive dissonance. 2. Respect for the low social groups, lack the necessary communication. Foxconn, work to calculate the precision to use seconds, no time to stop  working  together, not to mention the exchange between each other. orking  time, work at Foxconn The staff are aware, no overtime is not making money, so their normal  working  time is 12 hours to two shifts, that in addition to work, the remaining tim e is extremely limited. to work together tired after work activities of employees is best returned to the bedroom to rest, and live in a bedroom with its employees do not work nearly the same time, it will appear in the management of the incident, Foxconn to be able to call all their own bedroom of names of staff reward thing. pace, Foxconn Although a large number of employees, but basically no staff their own organization, the villagers will be, students will be able to enhance employee communications and other organizations is essential not. this environment also makes the job satisfaction greatly reduced. Links to free download http://eng. hi138. com   3. Difficult to achieve self-worth, aspirations and reality together far.Foxconn, even if it is determined in accordance with the system 12 hours of overtime to work two shifts, the hand is 1000 yuan. And these new generation of employees  working  at Foxconn Although subjected to a certain degree of education, but its still somewhat lacking in life skills. and some small and medium enterprises are often overdue wages compared to wages is at work here on time, and the living conditions of the hardware is relatively good, so in Fuji  health  work is an inevitable choice. nowingly choose to pay the difficulties is difficult to achieve their ideals, it is difficult to change the status quo. and now a new generation of employees is far less than the income of the purchasing power of their parents, hard work hard to get self- realization, leading to low job satisfaction. 4. The pressure did not retreat. In addition to this little way, and staff ompared to the older generation, a new generation of people growing up is different this generation growing up with their fathers to be superior compared to many, their lives frame of reference is age of the city, their requirements of life is urbanization, the rural peace of mind so that they can go back to farming is unrealistic, while due to its own conditions, you want to really integrate into urban society, there is a certain distance, But a new generation of employees or to strive with, Foxconn is  working  towards his dream of an important step forward, but as conditions, skills and other limitations, further  developmentis difficult, even if left Foxconn, a company may be next Another â€Å"Foxconn†, or difficult to achieve genuine integration into the city this goal. Home go back, work hard in the city into which a new generation of employees to enhance dilemma pressure. (Two consecutive suicide 1. Continuous coverage of suicide affect employee attitudes, suicide is contagious in the study of suicide, suicide is a certain contagious. Many studies have described for television, radio and other media reported that a number of detailed suicide, and the community of suicide or attempted suicide on the increase in incidents. 2.Suicide after the incident, the measures taken by Foxconn is not effective in the Foxconn suicides occurred during a continuous, its management of the event there is no effective intervention and management of change. Spate of jumping incident, Foxconn's management brought in Wutai Mountain is one of the most famous monk, to pray for the dead zone. This will not only ease the suicide is not contagious, but also increased the mysterious suicide of employees psychological spirits causing mischief that is psychological implications, so that employees feel that they commit suicide are from God. This is not fundamentally solve the suicide contagious impact on staff. Third, the  enterprise management  measures to reduce employee suicide   1 play to the functions of trade unions.Foxconn great personal strength in the face of a small capital, and only effectively play the role of trade unions, employees and businesses in order to make equal dialogue becomes possible, in order to be binding on the company, the employees protection of the rights of the working pressure to get some re lief. (2) relying on the country to encourage policies that seek to achieve business transformation as a foundry, low labor costs in order to build and expand in the market. This has resulted in low staff salaries,  development  of small issues. Want to change this a situation, only to high value-added industries, so companies do not rely on cheap labor to profit, so that employees have the opportunity to realize their value to the enterprise, reduce work pressure. focus on enhancing employee job satisfaction and make the appropriate adjustment (1 to improve the work, increase employee interest can learn the advanced management concept, in the same or different production lines adjacent to implement regular exchange of staff for a long time do not let the same work, to reduce pressure on staff to reduce long repeated mechanical action of fatigue, increase employee interest (2 to enhance communication between employees can be set up work space communication among workers, who exc hanges the same bedroom ways to improve the communication environment (3 vocational training to increase staff can be set up some useful talent  developmenttraining programs, making the lack of employment skills and relatively low quality of the staff have the opportunity to learn, have the opportunity to move into management, but also to more good localdevelopment  of the capital. 4 when a crisis occurs, urgent and effective response when an enterprise such extreme issues early, companies should try to coordinate with the media and other relevant departments, to seek the opinion of the continuous occurrence to minimize the impact of suicide. Fourth, the prospectOEM companies such as Foxconn, China's economic prosperity and has a huge role in the development of its glorious past, but today the face of new situation, they face not only the extreme behavior of employees, but also There are a range of issues such as labor shortage. how in the rapid development of social background, to manage a new generation of employees, how to increase their job satisfaction, how to make them run better with the business, how to make them realize their ideals , healthy life, etc. These efforts not only businesses, but also the whole community should think about problems and believe in the company, society, joint efforts of a new generation of employees, the problem can be resolved and hope that Fuji extreme events such as  health  management problems do not happen again. Links to free download http://eng. hi138. com

Why Was the Work of Andy Warhol in the 1960’s?

A2 Art Essay: Why was the work of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein immediately popular in the 1960’s? Roy Lichtenstein rapidly became popular in the 1960’s with his very original pop art pieces which he based many on comic strips, advertisements or newspapers. These tended to be the main inspiration for his work; this is because the subjects would tend to be exceedingly emotional and melodramatic. He became an idol to the American culture by adding in comic book characters which were very popular at the time.One of his most renowned pieces that he made was almost certainly ‘WHAAAM! ’ which is based on an image from ‘All American Men of War’ published by DC comics in 1962. This is a wonderful piece that reflects strongly what life was like around that period of time, this made it extremely popular amongst the people. The painting shows a rocket being fired from an aircraft into an enemy plane, with a large red-and-yellow explosion on the plane b eing hit. The cartoon is made a great deal more dramatic by the use of the onomatopoeic lettering â€Å"Whaam! and the boxed caption on the top left of the painting reading, â€Å"I pressed the fire control†¦ and ahead of me rockets blazed through the sky†¦ † like the painting â€Å"WHAAAM! † many of Roy lichtensteins works were hard-edged with commercial techniques and he used flat and new colours which were used to portray culturally-popular ‘pop’ images. Another one of my favourite pieces is ‘Girl with ribbon’ I find it portrays a strong sense of emotion to viewers, like many of his other pieces it only tells a snippet of the story and the rest is left to the viewers imagination.This is the aspect that I love the most, each of his pictures are overly dramatic with sometimes a speech bubble to give you an idea of the story behind the painting, it really makes the viewer think about the piece and let their imagination run wild and decipher meanings for themselves. This is what I am planning on achieving through my coursework, I have studied various works of Roy Lichtenstein’s and through taking photos, have designed my own pieces that also tell a story. Andy Warhol is another New York artist that developed in this genre that used very similar techniques to Roy Lichtenstein.

The Extinction of Fin Whale - 967 Words

Animals are a blessing of God. They are seen in different type, shapes and weights in their own category. In marine animals, there are mostly mammals which are found to be in large number. Fin whale is among those mammals that are found in marine life. This type of whale is found in all types of oceans and is a suborder to baleen whales. Fin whale is a very heavy whale. Its weight is estimated to be around 74-75 tones. The weight is not only the only characteristic but its length is also very interesting. A fin whale is said to be the second longest animal of the world in terms of its length as a fish. A fin whale is a beautiful creation of God. Its body is in brown-grey shades and seems very interesting with a feel of paler and softness†¦show more content†¦Imply rights of animals: there are various associations which are working for their rights of animals. These associations can play their part in preventing fin whales from the attack of hunters. Governments can seek help from them so that they can prevent fin whale from extinction. These measures can be taken to protect fin whale from extinction. But I think the best possible way to prevent extinction is to form rules. Rules can make the situation better and make the issue resolved in a very good way. Countries which are within the limit of governance should use this right of animals and rules policy in order to make fin whale protected from extinction. Fin whale is a rare animal which is found in only specific regions but with no demand of specific type of water. The extinction of fin whale is due to illegal hunting and genocide of whale by hunters. There is lack of vigilance and control over hunting of fin whales. People should be aware of their importance as well as their rights which are being violated by them. There can be various steps which can be used to stop this process of extinction. Foreign policy reforms, general policy formation, research, declaration of rules and seeking help for animal rights are some measures which can be used to make their hunting to stop and save their genocide. In my point of view, I think declaration of rules and seeking help from animal rights association are the two ways by which their extinction can be stopped. SeekingShow MoreRelatedEssay On Whale Shark1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe whale shark is an interesting creature because it is a shark, although it doesn’t have many of the char acteristics of what someone might think of when they hear â€Å"shark.† Instead of being aggressive top predators, whale sharks are mostly docile and calm creatures that feed on plankton. Their interactions with humans are gentle, and they tend to either not care about humans or go along with their surroundings. Whale sharks are the biggest type of fish in the world’s oceans and come in a varietyRead MoreWhale And Dolphin Conservation For Seaworld s Three Parks1235 Words   |  5 PagesSince 1961, 157 orcas, or killer whales, have been ripped from their homes and shoved into captivity. 127 of these orcas are now dead. With the number of captured orcas plus the number of those born into captivity, The W.D.C. (Whale and Dolphin Conservation) reports that, â€Å"At least 162 orcas have died in captivity, not including 30 miscarried or stillborn calves† ( â€Å"The Fate†1). Out of the 127 taken into captivity, 44 have died in SeaWorld. There are currently 58 orcas residing in 14 marine parksRead MoreWhaling Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagesabout why killing whales is so bad? Whaling is a cruel and inhumane process of killing whales and should be ban worldwide for good. To start, the whales people are killing off help keep our ecosystem going and without them most fish will die by 2028. Also, whaling isn’t legal in most places and over 1,500 whales are killed illegally through the year. Finally, the whaling process causes certain whales for example the Minke Whale to go more vulnerable than they already are. Whales help our ecosystemRead MoreProblems with the Japanese Whaling Industry713 Words   |  3 Pages The Japanese whaling industry has thrived and flourished since its origin. The Japanese have depended on whales such as the blue, fin, sei, and humpback whales. The issue at hand is that the demand for whale products and byproducts is so large that the numbers of these types of whales has declined to near extinction levels. Without any care to the harm being done, the Japanese whaling industry has not shown any sign of remorse towards this actions little has been done by the international community’sRead More Norwegian Whaling Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Commission. Many various species of whales have been extinct, and the relatively few whales that remain are extremely vulnerable, and the factors that led to their over-exploitation in the past have not changed. Norway, one of the several countries involved in illegal whaling, has again refused to accept th e international moratorium on whaling and has announced that its catch quotas for whales have risen. In 1995 Norwegian whales caught 217 whales out of a quota of 232. In 1996 the quota wasRead MoreEndangered Animals Are Endangered Species1178 Words   |  5 Pageshave caused a huge toll on the wildlife’s lifespan and have become a burden in their natural way of living. It is how the human population behaves that decides whether these animals can live a normal life or pushes them into endangerment or even extinction if the case is severe. Many of Florida’s wildlife animals are endangered due to the consequences of pollution, the behavior of poaching, and the loss of habitat. Pollution is one of the top reasons why many of Florida’s animals are endangeredRead MoreThe Killer Whale By Orcinus Orca1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe killer whale, Orcinus orca, is one of the most widely distributed marine mammals in the world, most commonly found in colder waters, such as the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Antarctic. While killer whales are most abundant in colder waters, they can be found all throughout ocean, including in tropical, subtropical, and offshore waters (NOAA Fisheries, 2015). Due to the black and white coloration of its body, the killer whale is one of the most easily identifiable speciesRead MoreA Brief Note On Animal Extinction And Its Effect On Society Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesTehilla Silverberg Ethics In Business Research Paper 2   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animal extinction is a tremendous problem in our society. Every year more and more animals are going extinct. If we don’t do something to stop it we could see massive animal extinction is our lifetime. In nearly 100 years from now we could lose about 50% of the world s species. The next generation won t experience the wildlife that is still out there if we don t make a change. Every species in our universe is part of a web. If one specieRead MoreProtecting Animals with the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 865 Words   |  4 Pagesdonate to them to encourage stopping killing animals. When the reader sees these kinds of pictures, they are going to be motivated to support the Sea Shepherds. In this way, the Sea Shepherds appeal to the readers emotions to help them stop the extinction of sea animals. The most successful in this website, they have a lot of ethos. The website illustrates experience with a description of their history. For example, they show their history since their beginning in 1977 until now. That means if theyRead MoreSharks are Being Hunted to Extinction Essay595 Words   |  3 Pageshunt sharks for their meat, internal organs, skin, and primarily for their fins in order to make products such as lubricants, make-up, and mainly shark fin soup. The growing Chinese economy has cause an increase in the demand for shark fin soup. Some species of sharks have reduced over 90% in population for a bowl of soup that has no scientifically proven nutritional value. The poaching of sharks as seen in the shark fin trade should cease because it causes a collapse of the marine ecosystem and